Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP), also referred to as a herniated disc, is a common spine pathology that occurs approximately 95% of the time at the L4-L5 or L5-S1 level (Fisher et al., 2004; Asch ...

Additional studies found disc problems at L5-S1 can lead to difficulty controlling your anal sphincter. Initial treatments ...

Oxygen-ozone therapy is an emerging treatment option for individuals ... the efficacy of oxygen-ozone therapy for managing lumbar disc herniation. One study conducted a retrospective analysis ...

Disc height reduction was also found to be most common at the L5/S1 level. However, the most common height reduction was only mild. A similar trend of increased prevalence of disc herniation was noted ...

Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) is a serious condition that occurs when the nerve roots in the lower back are compressed, often due to a herniated lumbar disc ... and treatment of CES cases[2].