Although pathogenesis-targeted treatment is still elusive, the currently available symptomatic treatment ... 2 Except for botulinum toxin in patients with cervical dystonia and high-dose ...

The injection protocol proposed can be useful to guide initial treatment in de novo patients with CD but should not replace clinical judgement and individual patient assessment. Idiopathic cervical ...

Methods: A 29-item pool was developed based on semi-structured interviews of patients with cervical dystonia (CD) and blepharospasm (BSP ... patients four weeks and one year following the first ...

The standard treatment for cervical dystonia is periodic injections of botulinum toxin to the affected muscles, an approach which appears to be more efficacious than anticholinergic oral medications.

Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus interna (GPi) is a highly efficacious treatment for cervical dystonia, but its mechanism of action is not fully understood. Here, we ...

Immunogenicity associated with botulinum toxin treatment. Toxins (Basel). 2019;11(9):491. Chiu SY, Burns MR, Malaty IA. An update on botulinum toxin in Neurology. Neurol Clin. 2021;39(1):209-229.

Therefore, it is crucial to effectively treat motor symptoms in PD patients. BTX is currently a first-line therapy for the treatment of cervical dystonia, blepharospasm and focal dystonia due to its ...