Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP), also referred to as a herniated disc, is a common spine pathology that occurs approximately 95% of the time at the L4-L5 or L5-S1 level (Fisher et al., 2004; Asch ...

Bowel problems are also possible with disc problems at L5-S1. Some research links irritable bowel syndrome to herniated discs ...

Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) is a serious condition that occurs when the nerve roots in the lower back are compressed, often due to a herniated lumbar disc ... and treatment of CES cases[2].

University Hospitals is now offering endoscopic spine surgery for patients needing treatment for back pain due to herniated ...